Productive activities classification according to the segment where the product is directed:

Productive activities classification according to the degree of differentiation of the product:

Productive activities classification according to the continuity of the productive process:

Land, labour, and capital are factors of production for:

Capital and labor are factors of production for:

Natural capital, physical capital, material labour, and intangible capital are factors of production for:

Real flow from households to firms is:

Monetary flow from households and firms to Government is:

Factor productivity =

Which of the following statements is correct?

Global productivity for the base period:

Global productivity Index

Which of the following statements is correct?

The precedent of PERT method is:

Which method allows us to know what the process is but we don’t know if the activity C follows the activity A or the activity B?

To achieve the competitiveness we must achieve the costs that allow good prices, but there are two problems:

What is the meaning of R, D&i?

The . . . helps us to decide the best technology for our firm and it also indicates to us if we must buy it or if we must invest in a R + D + i department

A/an . . . is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time (in Spain 20 years) in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.

A/an . . . is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities.

Types of costs according to the way they are charged to the project or to the product:

. . . costs are those for activities or services that benefit more than one project. Their precise benefits to a specific project are often difficult or impossible to trace. For example, it may be difficult to determine precisely how the activities of the director of an organization benefit a specific project.

Type of costs according to their dependence of the volume of activities:

. . . costs are volume-related (and are paid per quantity)

The . . . is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or gain.

. . . is the marginal profit per unit

Technical . . . may occur when a new product or technology supersedes the old, and it becomes preferred to utilize the new technology in place of the old. Historical example of superseding technologies include CD-ROM over floppy disk which allowed for greater storage capacity and speed

It’s the level of inventory that minimizes the total inventory holding costs and ordering costs

An . . . (or transaction spillover) is a cost or benefit, not transmitted through prices, incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit

Types of externalities:

. . . externalities refer to a special type of externality that depends on the relative rankings of actors in a situation. Because every actor is attempting to "one up" other actors, the consequences are unintended and economically inefficient.

A . . . is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information

Types of markets according to the type of goods:

Types of markets according to the intervention of the government:

Types of markets according to the knowledge of the buying and selling conditions.-

Types of markets according to the product:

Types of markets according to the participants:

Types of markets according to the degree of elaboration of the product:

Types of markets according to the buyer’s links with the channels of distribution:

A/an . . . has many buyers and many sellers and the products are homogeneous

A/an . . . has many buyers and many sellers and the products are different

A/an . . . has many buyers and few sellers

A/an . . . has many buyers and one seller

A/an . . . has few buyers and many sellers

A/an . . . has few buyers and few seller

A/an . . . has few buyers and one seller

A/an . . . has one buyer and many sellers

A/an . . . has one buyer and few sellers

A/an . . . has one buyer and one seller

Types of markets according to the number of buyers and sellers and the product:

Types of markets according to the type and applications of the product:

Marketing is one-to-one in nature, high value considered purchase, purchase decision is typically made by a group of people, often the buying/selling process is complex and includes many stages and selling activities involve long processes of prospecting, qualifying, wooing, making representations, preparing tenders, developing strategies and contract negotiations. These are the main features of the . . . selling process

The decision of purchase is the outcome of a long process, the demand is a derived demand, the prices’ fluctuation influence very little in the demand of this firms (they have an inelastic demand), in closed markets, the demand is very concentrated, therefore it’s difficult the entry of other firms of this type, the volume of purchase is is very high and the final decision to purchase is a team decision. These are the characteristics of the . . .markets’ behaviour.-

Many buyers/many sellers, low-entry/exit barriers, perfect Information, firms aim to maximize profits and homogeneous products. These are the characteristics of . . .

Provide secondary and or primary data, analyze Macro & Micro economic data, implement the marketing mix concept, analyze market trends, growth, market size, market share, market competition, determine market segment, market target, market forecast and market position, formulating market strategy & also investigating the possibility of partnership/ collaboration, and combine those analysis with the business plan/ business model analysis. These are the steps that could do an enterprise to . . .

Type of data for the market research:

. . . data are collected by the investigator conducting the research

Surveys, observation and experimentation are the ways to obtain . . . data

. . . are a research technique for measuring markets that use the same sample of respondents on a continuous basis

A/an . . . is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives. It can be for a product or service, a brand, or a product line

Types of utilities:

A/an . . . is a sub-set of a market made up of people or organizations sharing with one or more characteristics that cause them to demand similar product and/or services based on qualities of those products such as price or function.

A true . . . meets all of the following criteria: 1) it is distinct from others, 2) it is homogeneous within itself, 3) it responds similarly to a market stimulus, and 4) it can be reached by a market intervention

The four Ps' are:

Components of the total product:

A/an . . . is the identity of a specific product or service. It can take many forms, including a name, sign, symbol, color combination or slogan.

What type of brand name is UPS?

What type of brand name Airbus is?

What type of brand name Amazon is?

What type of brand name Kodak is?

What type of brand name Volvo is?

What type of brand name Hewlett-Packard is?

What type of brand name Cisco is?

What type of brand name Betty Crocker is?

The supplier of a key component, used by a number of suppliers of the end-product, may wish to guarantee its own position by promoting that component as a brand in its own right. The most frequently quoted example is Intel, which secures its position in the PC market with the slogan "Intel Inside".

The existing strong brand name can be used as a vehicle for new or modified products; for example, many fashion and designer companies extended brands into fragrances, shoes and accessories, home textile, home decor, luggage, sunglasses, furniture, hotels, etc.

Alternatively, in a market that is fragmented amongst a number of brands a supplier can choose deliberately to launch totally new brands in apparent competition with its own existing strong brand (and often with identical product characteristics); simply to soak up some of the share of the market which will in any case go to minor brands.

How can we call private labels?

A/an . . . is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a container or article, on which is printed a legend, information concerning the product, addresses, etc. It may also be printed directly on the container or article.

Phases of the life of a product:

Chain of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user.... This process is known as the . . .

Available distribution channels:

Types of marketing channel:

Types of intermediaries:

Who reduce the number of links needed to sell the products?

Which distribution has fixed costs?

What is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing informing, or persuading a potential buyer's purchasing decision?

Types of promotion:

What is a non-personal form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideals, or services?

What is to support an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services?

What is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs?

Media and non-media marketing communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples include: a temporary reduction in the price, loyal reward program, coupons, etc.

What is the methods, practices, and operations used to promote and sustain certain categories of commercial activity. In the broadest sense, it's any practice which contributes to the sale of products to a retail consumer?. Examples.- The distribution of the products in the shop, the place to put the products on the shelves, the light, the colours, the music, the temperature, etc.

What is a field concerned with maintaining public image for commercial businesses and organizations. Common activities include speaking at conferences, working with the media, crisis communications, social media engagement, and employee communication?

What is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products, service, study activities of rivals and examine recent market trends and opportunities?

What is a flexible pricing mechanism made possible by advances in information technology, and employed mostly by Internet based companies. By responding to market fluctuations or large amounts of data gathered from customers - ranging from where they live to what they buy to how much they have spent on past purchases - it allows online companies to adjust the prices of identical goods to correspond to a customer’s willingness to pay?

What is the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks?

Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers is referred to as:

What is the marketing of products or services over the Internet?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Types of investment according to the object:

Types of investment according to its function in the firm:

Types of investment according to who makes the investment:

Main characteristics of an investment:

. . . in capital budgeting refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to "repay" the sum of the original investment.

The . . . of a time series of cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is defined as the sum of the present values (PVs) of the individual cash flows.

The . . . of an investment is the interest rate at which the costs of the investment lead to the benefits of the investment. This means that all gains from the investment are inherent to the time value of money and that the investment has a zero net present value at this interest rate.

Types of financing according to its origin:

Types of financing according to who is the owner of the resources:

. . . is the name for a firm using its profits as a source of capital for new investment, rather than a) distributing them to firm's owners or other investors and b) obtaining capital elsewhere.

. . . are the amortization and the reserves

. . . consists of new money from outside of the firm brought in for investment

. . . are capital and liabilities

. . . is assets minus liabilities

. . . are capital, amortization and reserves

Advantages of . . .: capital is immediately available, no interest payments, no control procedures regarding creditworthiness, spares credit line, and no influence of third parties

Types of internal financing:

. . . is the reduction in the value of an asset used for business purposes during certain amount of time due to usage, passage of time, wear and tear, technological outdating or obsolescence, depletion, inadequacy, rot, rust, decay or other such factors

. . . credits are short term credits and they finance the current assets

. . . credits are long term credits and they finance the non-current assets

. . . value is the value of a share in the share certificate

. . . value = Share capital : Number of shares

. . . value is price of shares:

. . . is the price of a share according to objectives criteria

. . . value = Net worth : Number of shares

. . . value = (Capital + Reserves) : Number of shares

. . . value = Average dividend : interest rate

Types of shares according to the way of representation:

Types of shares according to the type of contribution:

Types of shares according to its ownership:

Shares must . . . while they are not totally paid

Shares must . . . if the shareholders have agreed in the articles of association that several shareholders must give something to the firm

Shares must . . . if the shareholders have agreed in the articles of association that the shares can’t be sold freely

Types of shares according to the political rights of the shares:

Types of shares according to the privileges that the shares have:

To receive dividends, to participe in the corporation assets after the liquidation, to have a pre-emption right, to vote, to receive information, and to contest the corporate agreements

Shares issued with premium or over par:

Shares issued at par:

Shares issued under par:

. . . right is the right of existing shareholders to acquire newly issued shares issued by a company in a right issue, a usually but not always public offering

So that an increase in capital is sucessfull, the issuing value of the new shares must be . . . that the market value of the existing shares

The . . . right compensates the existing shareholders for the relative loss of influence inside the corporation and for the distribution of their savings among the propietors of the new shares

To subscribe to new shares we must buy the number of pre-emption rights according to the corporate agreements (e.g. if a firm increases its capital in the proportion 1 x 5, to buy 100 shares we must buy . . . pre-emption rights, in adition)

The propietor of existing shares who doesn't want to buy the new ones . . . sell his pre-emption rights in the market

Pre-emption right formula:

A . . . is like a loan: the issuer is the borrower (debtor), the holder is the lender (creditor), and the coupon is the interest

Which is the correct statement:

They have a coupon that remains constant throughout the life of the bond

They have a variable coupon that is linked to a reference rate of interest, such as Euribor.

They pay no regular interest. They are issued at a substantial discount to par value, so that the interest is effectively rolled up to maturity (and usually taxed as such). The bondholder receives the full principal amount on the redemption date.

In which the principal amount and the interest payments are indexed to inflation. The interest rate is normally lower than for fixed rate bonds with a comparable maturity.

They are bonds whose interest and principal payments are backed by underlying cash flows from other assets

They are those that have a lower priority than other bonds of the issuer in case of liquidation. In case of bankruptcy, there is a hierarchy of creditors. First the liquidator is paid, then government taxes, etc. The first bond holders in line to be paid are those holding what is called senior bonds. After they have been paid, these bond holders are paid. As a result, the risk is higher. Therefore, these bonds usually have a lower credit rating than senior bonds.

A . . . is an entity which provides "trading" facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities.

Which of the following statements is correct:

The . . . is an entity that oversees, inspects and controls the Spanish Stock exchange

The . . . system is the system that allows the transfer of money between savers and borrowers. It's made up of banks, savings banks, insurance companies, the stock exchange, etc.

Passive operations of commercial banks:

Active operations of commercial manks:

Passive operations of commercial banks:

Active operations of commercial banks:

Personal guarantees:

In rem guarantees (mortgage or security)

. . . is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party at a discount in exchange for immediate money with which to finance continued business. It's expensive

. . . is a process by which a firm can obtain the use of a certain fixed assets for which it must pay a series of contractual, periodic, tax deductible payments. At the end the user has three options: to buy the asset, to continue with the contract or to return the asset

. . . is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to a business. Along with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, it's considered a part of operating capital.

Which is the correct statement:

If current assets are less than current liabilities, an entity has a working capital . . . (Current Assets can't pay Current Liabilities).

The . . . measures how long a firm will be deprived of cash if it increases its investment in resources in order to expand customer sales. It is thus a measure of the liquidity risk entailed by growth.

. . . = Raw Material Conversion Period (Warehouse Conversion Period) + Goods in Process Conversion Period (Production Conversion Period) + Finished goods Conversion Period (Sales Conversion Period) + Receivables Conversion Period

. . . = Annual raw material purchases : Average raw material stock

. . . = Annual cost of production : Average goods in process stock

. . . = Annual sales at factor cost : Average finished goods stock

. . . = Annual sales at market prices : Average receivables stock

. . . is the movement of cash into or out of a business, project, or financial product. It is usually measured during a specified, finite period of time

. . . = Net Profit Before Tax + Amortizations - Tax

. . . = Gross profit - Interest

The . . . ratio (D/E) is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of shareholders’ equity and debt used to finance a company's assets. Closely related to leveraging, the ratio is also known as Risk, Gearing or Leverage

. . . structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities

According to . . ., the optimum capital structure is the relationship between the liabilities and the equity that minimize the cost of the funds and maximize the firm value

Accordign to . . ., an optimum capital structure doesn’t exist

According to . . . it’s difficult to determine an optimum capital structure to any firm. The best thing is seeing the average capital structure of the sector firms

Which is the correct statement: