La política fiscal, a menudo vinculada a la economía . . ., use el gasto gubernamental y los impuestos para guiar la economía

El Presupuesto español es preparado, una vez al año por el Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda (Secretaría General de . . .)

Dentro del presupuesto del Estado estarían los presupuestos de la Casa de . . ., Cortes Generales, Defensor del Pueblo, Tribunal de Cuentas , Tribunal Constitucional, Consejo de Estado, etc.

Los ingresos públicos pueden ser por: impuestos directos y cotizaciones sociales, impuestos indirectos, tasas, precios . . . y otros ingresos, transferencias corrientes, ingresos patrimoniales, enajenación de inversiones reales, transferencias de capital y activos financieros

Las Transferencias corrientes pueden ser: de organismos autónomos, de la . . ., de Sociedades, Entes Públicos Empresariales, Fundaciones y resto entes del Sector Público, de Comunidades Autónomas y del exterior

Las transferencias de capital puede ser: de organismos autónomos, de Comunidades Autónomas y del . . .

La política fiscal . . . está usualmente asociada con un déficit presupuestario.

Algunos economistas clásicos habían creído en la Ley de Say, que la oferta crea su propia demanda, de modo que una “superabundancia general” sería por consiguiente imposible. . . . arguyó que la demanda agregada para bienes podría ser insuficiente durante recesiones económicas, llevando a un innecesario alto desempleo y a una pérdida de la producción potencial

Las actividades de los actuales estados de bienestar se extienden, entre otros, a la provisión del cobro de beneficios de bienestar (tales como . . .)

Hay una ligera correlación . . . entre gasto incrementado en servicios sociales y un PIB per cápita más alto, también una más alta clasificación en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano

The barter or exchange is to buy or to sell by using a . . . instead of money as a exchange money

Bartering began with the need to . . . what is owned for what is needed

When the exchange is frequent, the . . . systems quickly find the need to have some goods with monetary properties

The states started to issue notes and coins that gave right to the . . . to exchange them for gold or silver from the country's reserves

With the Gold Standard any citizen could convert the paper money into an equivalent amount of . . .

By 1971 the . . . central banks tried to convert their dollar reserves to gold, creating an unsustainable situation for the USA

The monetary authorities and the Central Banks take part in the exchange market to calm the . . . speculative fluctuations

In capitalism the ownership of the means of production is . . .

The most prominent contemporary representatives scholars for the Austrian school of economics are . . . and Friedrich Hayek

In the centralice planning economy the market didn't send signals because this didn't exist (. . . market)

The Russian Civil War happened in the first months after the October Revolution and the appearance of the first . . . Republics

In the case of the USSR, it had to assign a huge amount of its budget to maintain the army and the war technology in its Cold War with the . . .

The three factors that Classic economists use are: land, labour and . . .

In the economy of . . . and business development produced since the end of the 20th Century, people consider that technology and science (what has been called R&D -Research and Development- or even R, D&I - Research, Development and Innovation -) is a 4th factor of production that characterizes more and more the production in the industrialised countries.

The new factors of production are: natural capital, physical capital, . . . and intangible capital (know-how, organization, non-physical but computable assests, intangible labour, knowledge economy)

Added Value is the increase in value that is produced in a good in each phase of the . . . process

The types of division of labour are: industrial division, vertical division and . . . division

The less time used to obtain the wanted result, the . . . productive the system is

The TFP is a measurement of the effect of the economies . . ., in which the total production increases more in proportion to the amount that each factor of production increases.

The . . . is the basic economic unit in charge of satisfying the market's needs using material and human resources

The firm clasification according to the economic activity is: the primary sector, the secondary sector and the . . . sector

The industrial and . . . firms are in the secondary sector

The firm classification according to the size is: Microenterprise, Small enterprise, . . . and Great enterprise

In a public sector company, the owner is . . .

Total costs are those that a company has in a production process or activity. They are the sum of fixed costs and . . . costs

In Microeconomic Theory . . . costs are not linear, at the beginning they are more increasing but after that they are less increasing

Negative profit is called . . .

The Andalusian fishing fleet is the . . . most important of Spain

Andalusia has . . .% of the metallic extractions

What would be the added value in the first stage of the production if the wood is sold at 1.34 €, the wholesale chair at 3.75 € and the retail chair at 5.5 €?

What would be the added value in the second stage of the production if the wood is sold at 1.25 €, the wholesale chair at 3.66 € and the retail chair at 5.5 €?

What would be the added value in the third stage of the production if the wood is sold at 1.25 €, the wholesale chair at 3.75 € and the retail chair at 5.77 €?

What would be the marginal product for two workers, if the total products, according to the number of workers are: 1-3,120, 2-5,832, 3-8,388? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)

What would be the marginal product for two workers, if the average products, according to the number of workers are: 1-4,327, 2-3,806, 3-3,159? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)

What would be the total product for two workers, if the average products, according to the number of workers are: 1-5,300, 2-3,861, 3-3,000? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)

What would be the total product for two workers, if the marginal products, according to the number of workers are: 1-5,057, 2-4,850, 3-3,000? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)

What would be the average product for two workers, if the marginal products, according to the number of workers are: 1-15,250, 2-14,859, 3-13,000? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)

What would be the average product for two workers, if the total products, according to the number of workers are: 1-15,300, 2-27,130, 3-32,000? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)

Cuando hay una oferta de un bien relativamente . . . el coeficiente es bajo

Uno de los determinantes de la elasticidad-precio de la oferta es la capacidad de . . . de los comerciantes

Donde la curva de oferta del trabajo se está inclinando hacia arriba y hacia la derecha (elasticidad positiva de la oferta de trabajo frente al salario), el efecto de sustitución es mayor que el efecto . . .

A . . . mercado, mayor oferta

A mayor precio del bien, . . . demanda

La curva de demanda usualmente se inclina hacia . . . de izquierda a derecha

Un . . . es el punto en el que la cantidad demandada y la cantidad ofrecida son iguales

La demanda . . . se ha hecho importante en el debate sobre la expansión de los sistemas de transporte, y es a menudo usada como un argumento en contra de la ampliación de las carreteras, tales como las principales carreteras para ir al trabajo

En el corto plazo, los mercados de competencia perfecta tienen una eficiente distribución, ya que la producción bajo competencia perfecta tendrá lugar siempre cuando los . . . son iguales al ingreso marginal, y por consiguiente cuando el coste marginal es igual al ingreso medio.

En competencia perfecta, a largo plazo, la llegada de nuevas empresas o la expansión de las existentes en el mercado causa que la curva de demanda de cada empresa se desplace hacia . . ., trayendo hacia abajo al mismo tiempo al precio, a la curva de ingreso medio y a la curva de ingreso marginal

En la competencia perfecta, el objetivo de las empresas es . . . los beneficios

En la jerga económica, se dice que los monopolios puros “se enfrentan a una demanda inclinada hacia . . .”

Una adquisición, también conocida como absorción o “. . .”, es la compra de una compañía (el objetivo) por otra

Un monopolio artificial es un monopolio creado por el gobierno por medio de barreras artificiales para entrar como . . . y derechos de autor

Un ejemplo primario de un cartel es la OPEP que tiene una profunda influencia en el precio internacional del . . .

Los principales determinantes del mercado de . . . son la renta y el tipo de interés

El flujo real que va de las empresas a las familias son los . . .

El flujo real que va del Estado a las familias y las empresas son los . . .

PIBpm = consumo + . . . + gastos del gobierno + (exportaciones – importaciones)

PIBcf = Sector Primario + Sector Secundario + . . .

PINcf = PIBcf – . . .

PNNpm = PNNcf + . . . – Su

En la curva de Lorenz, la linea recta y = x es llamada la línea de . . .

El coeficiente de Gini se define como una proporción y puede variar de 0 a . . .

El . . . actualizado y los sectores de centro son parte de un neoliberalismo más suave y promueven un gobierno más preocupado sobre temas sociales, pero sin abandonar la ideología del liberalismo contemporáneo.

El . . . contabiliza el trabajo que produce no el cambio neto o que resulta de reparar el daño

El Genuino Indicador de Progreso o Índice de Sostenibilidad del Bienestar Económico intentan tratar muchas de las críticas vistas arriba tomando la misma información cruda ofrecida por el PIB y después ajusta por distribución de la renta, añade por el valor del trabajo . . ., y resta por delincuencia y contaminación.

El . . . es un índice de bienestar humano e impacto medioambiental, introducido por la Nueva Fundación Económica (NFE), en julio de 2006

Una tasa de crecimiento del . . .% anual llevará a doblar el PIB dentro de 28 años, mientras que una tasa de crecimiento del 8% anual (experimentada por algunos de los Cuatro Trigres Asiáticos) llevará a doblar el PIB dentro de 9 años

El término ciclo económico se refiere a las fluctuaciones de la economía, en sentido amplio, en producción o actividad económica en varios meses o años. Estas fluctuaciones ocurren alrededor de una tendencia . . . a largo plazo

Alguien puede preferir más tiempo libre a adquirir más bienes y servicios, pero este cumplimiento de deseos haría un efecto . . . en el incremento del PIB.

Calcula el PIBpm con esta información: C = 387; I = 299; G = 103; X = 31; M = 50; Ti = 80; Su = 45; Dep = 35; RRN = 23, RRE = 40

Debit cards linked to checking deposits are becoming . . . popular

Money functions: Medium of exchange, unit of account and . . .

Inflation is usually measured by calculating the inflation rate of a price index, usually the . . .

. . . inflation is caused by a drop in aggregate supply (potential output). This may be due to natural disasters, or increased prices of inputs.

. . . controls have been successful in wartime environments in combination with rationing. However, their use in other contexts is far more mixed. Notable failures of their use include the 1972 imposition by Richard Nixon

The Governing Council defined price stability as inflation (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) of below, but close to, . . .%.

The . . . market, also known as the aftermarket, is the financial market where previously issued securities and financial instruments such as stock, bonds, options, and futures are bought and sold

Decreasing interest rates by fiat; increasing the monetary base; and decreasing reserve requirements, all have the effect of . . . the Money supply

A central bank can only operate a truly independent monetary policy when the Exchange rate is . . .

Today gold standard policy is not used anywhere in the world, apart from . . . (one of the world's most stable economies), although a form of gold standard was used widely across the world prior to 1971

Calculate the real GDP of 2008 over the course of 2007 if the nominal GDP was 134,000 and the CPI was 155%. (two decimal numbers by rounding, when it be necesary)

Calculate the nominal GDP of 2008 over the course of 2007 if the real GDP was 161,000 and the CPI was 103%. (two decimal numbers by rounding, when it be necesary)

In the years since the Second World War, controversial . . . treaties like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure.

Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good at a lower . . . cost and opportunity cost than another person or country

. . . barriers.- Countries are sometimes accused of using their various rules (eg. Regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to reduce the imports

It can be considered the second stage of economic integration.

The . . . is an international organization designed by its founders to supervise and liberalize trade

A common currency, the euro, has been adopted by sixteen member states constituting the . . .

The . . . is determined by the country's exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well as financial transfers.

The . . . account records all transactions between a domestic and foreign resident that involves a change of ownership of an asset.

A . . . exchange rate, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of Exchange rate regime wherein a currency's value is matched to the value of another single currency or to a basket of other currencies, or to another measure of value, such as gold.

The WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation - notably the . . . institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.