CARD 7.10 ECO - By Antonio Ginés

The economics is a science that studies the human behaviour as the relation between the purpose and the limited means that have . . . applications
The scarcity also implies that all the society's objectives can not be . . . at the same time, so it must follow a priority politics
Human societies have developed the politics to . . . the priorities and the way to satisfy them
The firms make the decisions about the . . . and the distribution
The public sector takes part in the economy by offering, at a . . . price or for free, goods and services that the society things that it must be able to receive all the population
The more we spend in national security to protect our coasts from the foreign aggressors (cannons), the less we'll spend in . . . to improve the standard of living in our country (butter)
. . . costs can create lower company profits, lower salaries, higher prices or all the three things at the same time
The Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) reflects the . . . good and services' amounts that a society can produce in a fixed time period and with ones production's factors and ones given technological knowledge
The . . . productive structure is located in the frontier or very near to it
The Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) is . . . because in order to produce more of one good it is necessary to produce less of another
La política . . . se refiere a las acciones que los gobiernos toman en el campo económico.
Un compromiso entre la discrecionalidad estricta y la política basada estrictamente en reglas es conceder un poder . . . a un organismo independiente
El Gobierno presenta los presupuestos ante el Congreso de Diputados, que vota en primer lugar su admisión genérica o las enmiendas a la totalidad, que de prosperar suponen su devolución al gobierno. Superado ese trámite, la capacidad de alteración por enmiendas . . . está sujeta a la no alteración del equilibrio presupuestario.
Los . . . públicos pueden ser por: impuestos directos y cotizaciones sociales, impuestos indirectos, tasas, precios públicos y otros ingresos, transferencias corrientes, ingresos patrimoniales, enajenación de inversiones reales, transferencias de capital y activos financieros
Los impuestos indirectos pueden ser: sobre el . . ., sobre consumos específicos, sobre tráfico exterior y sobre otros impuestos del mismo tipo
La enajenación de inversiones reales puede ser: de . . ., de las demás inversiones del mismo tipo y de reintegros por operaciones de capital
Dentro de los Gastos Públicos, las operaciones financieras pueden ser: operaciones corrientes, fondo de contingencia y otros imprevistos y operaciones de . . .
El efecto multiplicador está particularmente asociado con la economía . . .
Si el incremento en el gasto gubernamental es financiado por un incremento en los impuestos, el incremento en los impuestos tendería a reducir el . . .
La provisión de bienestar en el mundo contemporáneo tiende a ser más avanzada en países . . .
The centralice planning economy appeared due to the state of emergency and the war economy for the war against the . . . Army and the Triple Entente during the Russian Civil War
The centralice planning economy was extended after the 2nd World War for all The East Europe and many asian countries, under the Soviet Union and the . . .
Cuba is trying to defend the centralized economic system by making some reforms or concessions in strategic sectors, like tourism, to the . . . economy, prevailing abroad
Classic economists use the . . . factors that Adam Smith defined
In present economy . . . is more and more changed by human intervention
To the concept of physical capital or financial capital is added the concept of human capital or . . . capital, even social capital, as a way of explaining the improvement of the productivity that isn't due to the other factors
Training can be considered a form of investment, because it increases the . . . of the workers and the production
When a worker executes all the differents tasks necessary to manufacture a product, the performance is . . ., so it is necessary to share the tasks
The . . . product is the variation that the total production experiences when it uses one additional unit of factor
The types of productivity are: . . . productivity and total factor productivity (TFP)
The colonies need the foreign powers for their . . .
The Grundy's Four P's are: product, price, distribution or place and . . . or promotion.
The m. . . belongs to the primary sector
The firms that belong at a group of persons are . . . and social economy firms
The firm classification according to who is the owner is: private sector company, public sector company, . . . company and self-management company
A . . . firm concentrates in a market segment as a near monopolist
Except when there are . . . changes, in the economic units – or productive units – variable costs have a linear behaviour, because the average value per unit tends to be constant
Profit is . . . value minus input value
In the last decades, in Andalusia, traditional farming has decreased and farming of wheat, rise, . . ., cotton and sunflower has increased
In . . ., in Andalusia, the most important animals are deer and wild boars but also wild goats, mouflons, fallow deer, roe deer, etc
In Andalusia, trade is focused in the export of food and agriculture products and in the import of . . . products
What would be the total product for two workers, if the marginal products, according to the number of workers are: 1-7,327, 2-5,890, 3-4,000? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
What would be the average product for two workers, if the marginal products, according to the number of workers are: 1-15,572, 2-14,968, 3-13,286? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
What would be the average product for two workers, if the total products, according to the number of workers are: 1-15,653, 2-24,543, 3-32,776? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
Elasticidad de oferta = porcentaje de cambio en la . . . ofrecida : porcentaje de cambio en el precio
Mientras . . . sea la capacidad sobrante que hay en una industria, más fácil sería incrementar la producción si los precios suben
Donde la curva de oferta del trabajo se está inclinando hacia . . . y hacia la derecha (elasticidad positiva de la oferta de trabajo frente al salario), el efecto de sustitución es mayor que el efecto ingreso
A mayor precio del producto, . . . oferta
A mayor cantidad de bienes producidos, mayor . . .
Si los productos son complementarios, a . . . precio de uno de ellos, menor demanda del otro
Un bien Giffen, por ejemplo el . . ., es uno que la gente consume más si el precio sube
Cualquier exceso de . . . llevaría a que el precio se incremente
En el corto plazo, los mercados de competencia perfecta son productivamente . . .
En competencia perfecta, en el corto plazo, es posible para una empresa aislada hacer beneficio si el . . . o ingreso medio está por encima del coste medio
En la competencia perfecta hay muchos consumidores con la disposición y capacidad para comprar el producto a un cierto precio y . . . productores con la disposición y capacidad para ofrecer el producto a un cierto precio
Un monopolio concedido por el gobierno o monopolio legal es aprobado por el estado, a menudo para dar un incentivo a invertir en aventuras . . .
Una fusión puede parecerse a una absorción pero resulta en un nuevo nombre para la compañía (a menudo combinando los nombres de las compañías originales) y en una nueva . . .
Una . . . inversa ocurre cuando una compañía privada que tiene fuertes perspectivas y que está impaciente por crecer financieramente compra una compañía públicamente cotizada
En un monopolio bilateral hay ambos, un monopolio y un . . . en el mismo mercado.
El mercado de . . . es el mercado para títulos, donde las empresas y los gobiernos pueden recaudar fondos a largo plazo
La riqueza nacional será la cantidad de . . . poseídas por una nación
El flujo . . . que va de las familias y las empresas al Estado es el trabajo
El . . . a precios de mercado es igual a los gastos totales por todos los bienes y servicios finales producidos dentro de un país en un período de tiempo estipulado (usualmente un año de 365 días).
El . . . es igual a la suma del valor añadido de cada etapa de la producción (las etapas intermedias) por todas las industrias dentro de un país, en el período
El Producto Interior Neto a coste de los factores (PINcf) es igual al . . . menos la depreciación en los bienes de capital de un país
El Producto Nacional Neto a precios de mercado es el . . . más los Impuestos indirectos menos los subsidios en la producción e importación
En la curva de . . ., el porcentaje de las familias se traza en el eje X, el porcentaje de la renta en el eje Y
El coeficiente de . . . es un porcentaje del área entre la línea de perfecta igualdad y la línea de perfecta desigualdad
Un coeficiente de . . . igual a 1 corresponde a la perfecta desigualdad
El PIB oficial estima pero no tiene en cuenta la economía sumergida, en la que las transacciones contribuyen a la producción, tales como comercio ilegal y actividades que evitan los impuestos, no son denunciadas, causando que el PIB sea . . .
El Índice de Desarrollo Humano usa el PIB como una parte de su cálculo y después indicadores de esperanza de vida y . . .
. . . sostiene que incluso los superávits gubernamentales por impuestos deberían ser deducidos para crear una estimación del Producto Privado Restante
En economía, “el crecimiento económico” o “la teoría del crecimiento económico” típicamente se refiere al crecimiento de la producción potencial, esto es, producciòn a “. . .” que es causada por el crecimiento en la demanda agregada o producción observada
Una tasa de crecimiento del 5% parece similar a otra del 3%, pero después de dos décadas, la primera economía habría crecido un . . .%, la segunda sólo un 80%.
El informe GEO-4 de . . . de las Naciones Unidas advierte que estamos viviendo mucho más allá de nuestros medios
Calcula el PIBpm con esta información: C = 420; I = 450; G = 527; X = 60; M = 30; Ti = 80; Su = 45; Dep = 35; RRN = 23, RRE = 41
Calcula el PIBcf con esta información: C = 600; I = 300; G = 90; X = 10; M = 10; Ti = 41; Su = 69, Dep = 10; RRN = 90, RRE = 81
Calcula el PINcf con esta información: C = 790; I = 670; G = 88; X = 100; M = 70; Ti = 30; Su = 26; Dep = 89; RRN = 78, RRE = 90
Calcula el PNNcf con esta información: C = 476; I = 490; G = 742; X = 100; M = 40; Ti = 40; Su = 75; Dep = 65; RRN = 79, RRE = 63
Calcula el PNNpm con esta información: C = 600; I = 620; G = 210; X = 38; M = 80; Ti = 100; Su = 55; Dep = 32; RRN = 30, RRE = 41
. . ..- Notes and coins (currency) in circulation and in bank vaults, plus reserves which commercial banks hold in their accounts with the central bank (minimum reserves and excess reserves) + checkable deposits (checking deposits, officially called demand deposits, and other deposits that work like checking deposits) + traveler's checks
M3.- Notes and coins (currency) in circulation and in bank vaults, plus reserves which commercial banks hold in their accounts with the central bank (minimum reserves and excess reserves) + checkable deposits (checking deposits, officially called demand deposits, and other deposits that work like checking deposits) + traveler's checks + savings deposits, time deposits less than $100,000 and money market deposit accounts for individuals + large time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other . . . liquid assets
In the current economics systems, money is created by two ways: Central bank money and . . .
The . . . theory of money, simply stated, says that the total amount of spending in an economy is primarily determined by the total amount of money in existence
In the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a . . . exchange rate as part of an attempt to control inflation. This policy was used in many countries in South America in the later part of the 20th century (e.g. Argentina (1991-2002), Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile).
The . . . is the central bank for Europe's single currency, the euro
. . . operations of commercial banks are: loans, current account credits and bill of exchange discount
An . . . policy increases the size of the money supply, or decreases the interest rate
For many centuries there were only two forms of monetary policy: (i) Decisions about coinage; (ii) Decisions to print paper money to create credit. . . ., while now thought of as part of monetary authority, were not generally coordinated with the other forms of monetary policy during this time.
Under a system of fixed exchange rates maintained by a . . . every unit of local currency must be backed by a unit of foreign currency (correcting for the exchange rate). This ensures that the local monetary base does not inflate without being backed by hard currency and eliminates any worries about a run on the local currency by those wishing to convert the local currency to the hard (anchor) currency
Calculate the real GDP of 2008 over the course of 2007 if the nominal GDP was 156,000 and the CPI was 117%. (two decimal numbers by rounding, when it be necesary)
Calculate the nominal GDP of 2008 over the course of 2007 if the real GDP was 199,000 and the CPI was 188%. (two decimal numbers by rounding, when it be necesary)
For centuries under the belief in . . . most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade
The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as . . ., China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves
Historically, protectionism was associated with economic theories such as mercantilism (that believed that it is beneficial to maintain a positive trade balance), and import substitution. During that time, . . . famously warned against the 'interested sophistry' of industry, seeking to gain advantage at the cost of the consumers
A . . . is a trading bloc which gives preferential access to certain products from the participating countries
This is the fourth stage of economic integration.
The . . . is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993
The judicial branch of the EU consists of the . . .
The balance of . . . is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance
The . . . exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate
Running of . . .: This system allows a fluctuation of 2% in either direction of the fixed exchange rate for the Central Bank. In this 2%, if the imports increase, the U.S. dollars demand increase and the exchange rate euro/U.S: dollar increases; the Central Bank increases the U.S: dollars supply, therefore the exchange rate euro/U.S. dollar decreases and returns to equilibrium