CARD 7.07 ECO - By Antonio Ginés

La administración . . . pagada a través de impuestos; la organización de reparto generalmente no tiene un requerimiento específico para tener criterios comerciales de éxito, y las decisiones de producción son determinadas por el gobierno.
Una política basada en . . . puede ser más creíble, porque es más transparente y fácil de anticipar.
El Gobierno presenta los presupuestos ante el . . .
Dentro de los presupuestos de los Organismos autónomos de la Administración General del Estado. estarían el de la Agencia Española de la . . . Internacional, Parque Móvil del Estado, Jefatura de Tráfico, etc.
Los Impuestos directos pueden ser: sobre la . . ., sobre el capital y sobre otros impuestos del mismo tipo
Los ingresos patrimoniales pueden ser: intereses de anticipos y préstamos concedidos, intereses de depósitos, dividendos y participaciones en beneficios, rentas de bienes . . . y productos de concesiones y aprovechamientos especiales
Dentro de los Gastos Públicos, las operaciones . . . pueden ser: operaciones corrientes, fondo de contingencia y otros imprevistos y operaciones de capital
El efecto multiplicador o multiplicador del gasto hace que un cambio inicial en la demanda agregada cause un cambio en la producción agregada para una economía que es un . . . del cambio inicial.
Si un estímulo fiscal emplea a un trabajador que, si no, habría estado desempleado, . . . efecto inflacionario
De acuerdo con el segundo modelo el Estado distribuye el bienestar con tan poca interferencia burocrática como sea posible, para toda la gente que cumple fácilmente los criterios establecidos (por ejemplo, tener niños, recibir tratamiento médico, etc.). Esto requiere una alta imposición, de lo que casi todo es canalizado a los pagadores de impuestos con mínimos gastos para personal burocrático. El pretendido – y también alcanzado en muchos casos – resultado es que habrá un amplio apoyo para el sistema porque la mayoría de la gente recibe al menos algo. Este modelo fue creado por los ministros escandinavos Kart Kristian Steincke y Gustav Möller en los . . .
The displacement of the Production Possiblity Frontier (PPF) can be due to technological . . ., an increase in capital, an increase of workers or the discovery of new natural resources
The beginnings of the barter or exchange go back to the first . . . communities of human beings.
The . . . initially, were sacks of salt
The first historical signs that we have of money shaped as a coin in the . . . are those of the Phoenicians
By the XVIII and XIX centuries many countries had a bimetallic standard, based in . . .
In the Bretton Woods' Agreements was established that all the currencies would be converted in . . . and only the U.S. dollar would be convertible in gold bars at 35 dollars per ounce for the foreign governments
In December of 1971, the president of the United States, Richard Nixon, suspended on his own the dollar conversion to gold and . . . the dollar by 10%
In capitalism . . . dominates over work as a element of production and creator of wealth
The political doctrine that historically has led the defense and implementation of capitalism has been economic and classic . . .
John Maynar Keynes holds that the State can increase the effective . . . by avoiding the cyclical crisis
The . . . appeared after the 1st World War
The centralice planning economy was extended after the 2nd World War for all The . . . Europe and many asian countries, under the Soviet Union and the Komintern
Nowdays Russia and the East countries go toward a Market Economy. China is looking for a . . .
A production process includes actions that happen in a . . . way and produce a change or transformation of materials, objects or systems, at the end of which we obtain a product
. . . economist only use capital and labour
To the concept of . . . capital or financial capital is added the concept of human capital or intellectual capital, even social capital, as a way of explaining the improvement of the productivity that isn't due to the other factors
. . . can be considered a form of investment, because it increases the abilities of the workers and the production
The division of labour, generally speaking, deals about specialization and cooperation of the labour forces in . . . and roles, with the objective of improving efficiency.
One of the advantages of division of labour is to save . . ., because the worker doesn't need to constantly change tools
. . . is connected to the continuous improvement of the Quality management systems and thanks to this quality system people can prevent the quality defects avoiding that they arrive at the final user
The relationships between imperialist nations and their colonies . . . unilateral
The Grundy's Four P's are: product, . . ., distribution or place and advertising or promotion.
The livestock belongs to the . . . sector
In the firms that belong to only one person, this person has an . . . responsability (with everything he owns)
The firm classification according to . . . is: private sector company, public sector company, mixed company and self-management company
The firm classification according to the market share is: applicant firm, specialist firm, . . . firm and follower firm
If the activity level . . ., variable costs decrease
Profit is total income . . . total production and distribution costs
In Andalusia, traditionally the main products have been wheat, olive tree and . .
The Andalusian livestock is . . .% of the national livestock
By 1975 the tertiary sector gave employment to . . .%
What would be the added value in the first stage of the production if the wood is sold at 22 €, the wholesale chair at 231 € and the retail chair at 500 €?
What would be the added value in the second stage of the production if the wood is sold at 15 €, the wholesale chair at 23 € and the retail chair at 500 €?
What would be the added value in the third stage of the production if the wood is sold at 123 €, the wholesale chair at 21 € and the retail chair at 323 €?
What would be the marginal product for three workers, if the total products, according to the number of workers are: 1-3,452, 2-5,608, 3-8,940? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
What would be the marginal product for three workers, if the average products, according to the number of workers are: 1-4,732, 2-3,597, 3-3,230? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
What would be the total product for three workers, if the average products, according to the number of workers are: 1-5,760, 2-4,921, 3-2,755? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
What would be the total product for three workers, if the marginal products, according to the number of workers are: 1-4,799, 2-4,355, 3-3,761? Two decimal numbers, by rounding (when it be necessary)
La elasticidad es la medida de la forma en que la . . . ofrecida reacciona a un cambio en el precio
Uno de los determinantes de la elasticidad-precio de la oferta es la existencia de . . ., que aparezcan naturalmente, necesitadas para la producción
La “ley de oferta” quiere decir que los productores ofrecerán . . . de un servicio, producto o recurso si su precio se incrementa.
La dirección de la inclinación de la curva de oferta del trabajo puede cambiar . . . para algunos individuos
A mayor competición, mayor . . .
Si los productos son sustitutivos, a . . . precio de uno de ellos, mayor demanda del otro
. . . los precios de los bienes Veblen decrece la preferencia de la gente por comprarlos porque no son percibidos por más tiempo como productos exclusivos o de alto standing,
Cualquier exceso de oferta llevaría a . . . de precios
En la economía neoclásica y en la microeconomía, la competencia perfecta describe la perfecta forma de ser de un mercado en el que hay . . . empresas pequeñas, todas produciendo bienes homogéneos
En el largo plazo, los mercados de competencia perfecta son . . . en la asignación de recursos productivos escasos
En el largo plazo, la empresa hará solamente normal beneficio (beneficio económico nulo). Su curva de demanda horizontal tocará su curva de costes totales medios en su punto más . . .
El verbo . . . se refiere al proceso por el cual una empresa gana persistentemente una mayor cuota de mercado de lo que se espera bajo competencia perfecta
Una . . . puede parecerse a una absorción pero resulta en un nuevo nombre para la compañía (a menudo combinando los nombres de las compañías originales) y en una nueva marca
Cuando la adquisición es hostil, la empresa . . . para ser absorbida no esta dispuesta a ser comprada o el Consejo de Administración de la empresa que es objetivo para ser absorbida no tiene conocimiento previo de la oferta
Un . . . es una forma de mercado en la cual sólo un comprador se enfrenta a muchos vendedores
La demanda de trabajo es una demanda . . ., en otras palabras, el coste de los empleadores de producción es el salario, en el cual las empresas se benefician de una creciente producción o ingreso
La renta es la suma de todos los salarios, beneficios, pagos de . . ., rentas y otras formas de ganar en un período de tiempo dado
El flujo . . . que va de las familias a las empresas son los gastos de consumo
El . . . es el valor de mercado de todos los bienes y servicios finales hechos dentro de las fronteras de una nación en un año
PIBpm = C + I + . . . + (X – M)
PIBcf = PIBpm – . . . + Su
PNNcf = PINcf + . . . – RRE
La curva de Lorenz se usa a menudo para representar la . . . donde muestra por la parte inferior el porcentaje de familias y el porcentaje de la renta total que tienen
El coeficiente de . . . es el área entre la línea de perfecta igualdad y la observada curva de Lorenz,
. . . coeficientes de Gini indican una distribución más desigual
El PIB oficial estima pero no tiene en cuenta la . . ., en la que las transacciones contribuyen a la producción, tales como comercio ilegal y actividades que evitan los impuestos, no son denunciadas, causando que el PIB sea subestimado
El . . . usa el PIB como una parte de su cálculo y después indicadores de esperanza de vida y niveles de educación
El estimador de riqueza es un sistema desarrollado por el Banco Mundial para combinar la riqueza monetaria con la riqueza intangible (instituciones y capital humano) y capital . . .
El PIB es usualmente calculado en términos reales, esto es, en términos de inflación . . ., para eliminar el efecto de la inflación en el precio de los bienes y servicios producidos
Una tasa de crecimiento del . . .% parece similar a otra del 3%, pero después de dos décadas, la primera economía habría crecido un 165%, la segunda sólo un 80%.
La . . . es un crecimiento en el nivel de la actividad económica, y de los bienes y servicios disponibles en el mercado
El sector . . . es el más importante en Andalucía
. . . is the base from which other forms of money (like checking deposits) are created
M3.- Notes and coins (currency) in circulation and in bank vaults, plus reserves which commercial banks hold in their accounts with the central bank (minimum reserves and excess reserves) + checkable deposits (checking deposits, officially called demand deposits, and other deposits that work like checking deposits) + traveler's checks + savings deposits, time deposits less than $100,000 and money market deposit accounts for individuals + . . ., institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets
To act as a . . ., a commodity, a form of money, or financial capital must be able to be reliably saved, stored, and retrieved — and be predictably useful when it is so retrieved.
. . . inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities, as well as to growth in the money supply
The inflation rate in the . . . exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to
Most cost-of-living indexes . . . forward-looking
. . . operations of commercial banks consist on to borrow money
Where currency is under a monopoly of issuance, or where there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the . . . authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus influence the interest rate (in order to achieve policy goals)
Other primary means of conducting monetary policy is . . . (talking monetary policy with the market).
. . . is similar to inflation targeting except that CPI growth in one year is offset in subsequent years such that over time the price level on aggregate does not move
Calculate the real GDP of 2008 over the course of 2007 if the nominal GDP was 107,000 and the CPI was 109%. (two decimal numbers by rounding, when it be necesary)
Calculate the nominal GDP of 2008 over the course of 2007 if the real GDP was 113,000 and the CPI was 115%. (two decimal numbers by rounding, when it be necesary)
The value of free trade was first observed and documented by Adam Smith in his magnum opus, . . . in 1776.
The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the . . ., Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves
A Preferential trade area is a trading . . . which gives preferential access to certain products from the participating countries
The value of free trade was first observed and documented by Adam Smith in his magnum opus, The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Later, . . . demonstrated the benefits of trading via specialization.
It is the third stage of economic integration.
The . . . is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on Exchange rates and the balance of payments
The . . . of the European Parliament carries out the role of speaker in parliament and represents it externally
The balance of . . . is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.
The Central Bank . . . its foreign currency reserves when there is a deficit in balance of payments
The debate of making a choice between fixed and floating exchange rate regimes is set forth by . . . model, which argues that an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. It can choose any two for control, and leave third to the market forces.